QALAMOS
Heritage Studies
Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp. 21-35
Published: June 2026
ID
: QALAMOS.
2
.
2
.
6
.202
6
.00
2
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.22774555
The Shaduf of El-Siliyien:
Documenting a Rare Survivor of
Water-Lifting Practice in Fayoum
Mahmoud Kamel
mk1442@fayoum.edu.eg
Tourism Researcher in Fayoum Governorate,
Master's Candidate, Fayoum University, Egypt
Abstract
Studying and understanding Fayoum's water heritage highlights the need to
record
and
preserve
the
remaining
elements
of
traditional
water-lifting
technology in Fayoum. Hidden among the agricultural fields of El Siliyien
village in Fayoum is a forgotten and abandoned Shaduf representing a rare
and undocumented example of a water-lifting device in Fayoum. The paper
documents this surviving traditional Shaduf through field investigation and
examinations
of
historical
maps.
It
combines
field
documentation,
photographic recording, local oral testimonies, and an analysis of the Shaduf’s
components with previously documented ones to identify its characteristics,
construction, and place among Fayoum traditional water-lifting technology.
Keywords
Shaduf;
Water Heritage;
Water-Lifting;
Fayoum;
El Siliyien;
Puller.
Received: March, 2026
Accepted: April 10, 2026
Published: June, 2026
Conflict of Interest: None declared
Funding: Not applicable
Author(s) Contributions:
Single Author. Kamel, M.
1.
Introduction
Water lifting machines have played an essential role in human societies, particularly in areas
where rainfall was insufficient to provide water for agricultural and domestic needs. The need
for
mechanical
water
lifting
emerged
in
a
variety
of
circumstances
where
wells
were
the
principal source of water, where rivers and canals lay below the level of the cultivated fields,
or where water had to be raised to higher parts of buildings. A variety of water lifting devices
were
developed,
ranging
from
simple
devices
to
more
sophisticated
ones.
These
devices
include The Shaduf, water screw, Tympanum, Saqiya or Noria and several types of pumps.
Their development and use were related to local environmental conditions, agricultural needs,
and available sources of power. (Hill, 2004, pp. 127:129).
Among these water lifting technologies is the shaduf, which is one of the simplest water lifting
machines. It is made of two wooden beams, a counterweight, and a bucket of water attached to
a rope or a pole. (Nenci, 2018, p. 72). Its remarkable long use and widespread application make
it one of the most successful and practical machines ever invented. This success is attributed
to its simplicity as it is can be easily made by local carpenters using available materials. (Hill,
2000, p.130). Several sources indicate that the oldest depiction of the shaduf in Egypt is found
in the tomb of Meryra in Tell El Amarna from the 18th Dynasty. fig1 (N. DE G. Davies, 1903,
PlXXXII).
Figure 1
:
circled in Red is what is believed to be a shaduf from the tomb of Meryra in Tell Amarna,
Davies 1903, plate XXXII.
In
Mesopotamie,
the
shaduf
appeared
in
an
Akkadian
Cylindrical
Seal
from
the
Sargonid
Period 2500 B.C. (Bonneau, 1993, p. 93). Elio Nenci thinks that these ancient identifications
of
the
Shaduf
appear
to
be
strained
and
hypothetical
(Nenci,
2018,
p
72).
Research
Archaeologist Anna Stevens confirms that the scene from Meryra tomb (
fig. 1
) is the oldest
depiction of the Shaduf in Egypt (Stevens, 2021, 92-93). Elio Nenci thinks that the earliest true
The Shaduf of El-Siliyien: Documenting a Rare Survivor of Water-Lifting Practice in Fayoum
pg. 22
depiction of the shaduf in Egypt is found in the tomb of Ipuy in Deir El Madinah (TT217) (
figs.
2,
3
)
from
the
19th
Dynasty.
(Nenci,
2018,
p.72).
It
is
nevertheless
clear
that
the
earliest
appearance of the shaduf in Egypt dates back to the New Kingdom.
Figure 2
: East wall, south side, from the transverse chamber of the tomb of Ipuy (TT217). Depicted is
a scene of a garden that is no longer visible today. Circled in left and right of the scene are two men
using a shaduf to irrigate the garden. Photographic archive of the Egyptian Museum in Turin Years
1905 – 1914. Plate C00083.
https://archiviofotografico.museoegizio.it/en/archive/theban-region/deir-
el-medina/tt217-tomb-of-ipuy/?photo=C00083
Figure 3
: Reproduction of the garden scene from the tomb of Ipuy TT217 by Norman de Garis Davies.
Painted at Deir el Medina for the Egyptian Expedition of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1924.
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/557816
In
the
Graeco-Roman
era,
the
Shaduf
was
known
as
κηλώνειον
“Keloneion”
in
Greek
(Bonneau, 1993, p. 93), and in Latin it was known as “Tolleno”. They were in use in Egypt
until the 20th century (Stevens, 2021, p. 93). In the 1970s of the 20th century, architect and
Ethnographer Nessim Henry Henin wrote one of the most significant documentation books of
Egyptian Villages titled “Mari Girgis, un village en Haute-Égypte”, a small hamlet located
Mahmoud Kamel
QALAMOS HERITAGE STUDIES 2/2 JUNE 2026
23
within Akhmim, Sohag governorate. The book was translated into Arabic in 2018. In one of
the book’s chapters Henin describes the Shaduf as it is typically used to irrigate small areas no
larger than a few carats and it allows water to be raised from one meter to three meters and
sometimes up to four meters. (Henin, 2018, p. 71).
2. The Types of Shadufs
Henin observed three types of the Shaduf in this Egyptian village in Upper Egypt.
The first
type
that he documented is called The Shaduf with stone supports (
fig 4
), which the villagers
call
رجحلا دوع
or the stone pole. This type of the shaduf rests on two vertical supports built of
limestone. Each support is called
روطان
Natur or
ريطاون
the plural Nawatir. A thick horizontal
crossbeam of an acacia branch, called
ةضراع
Arda, is fixed across the upper end of each
support. At equal distances from the center of the crossbeam, two palm fiber ropes called
ىدادش
Shadadi are attached. They encircle a small wooden piece parallel to the crossbeam called
كارع
Arak, this moves within another wooden piece called
ةلغر
or Raghla, which is attached
to the long pole with two nails (
fig 5
). Near the end of the long pole
دوعلا
or ‘ud is a stone
piece called
ةياول
Lawwaya. It is sometimes replaced with a lump of clay called
ةنايط
Tayyana.
This piece serves as a counterweight to the water being raised during the functioning operation
of
the
shaduf.
At
the
opposite
long
pole,
a
straight
branch
of
sidr
or
acacia
wood,
approximately two meters long, is attached. This part is called
دابج
Jabbad. The Jabbad is tied
to the long pole by means of a palm fiber robe. At the lower end of the Jabbad, a piece of
wood shaped like a hook is attached to the Jabbad by two pieces of palm fiber ropes.
A galvanized metal bucket is suspended from the hook. The operation of the shaduf is as
follows: the farmer stands on a small stone platform, which forms a foothold; then the farmer
holds the jabbad with both hands and pulls it downward as a result the long pole rises at the
opposite end, where the counterweight is located. The jabbad is then released and the bucket
rises under the action of the weight of the counterweight, pouring its water into a small channel
called
ردص
Sadr or Fahl
لحف
. The shaduf raises approximately two litres of water per second
to a height of up to approximately two metres. (Henin, 2018, pp. 71- 77).
The second type
that Henin observed is called the Double Acacia wood Shaduf (
fig 6
). It
follows the same mechanism as the shaduf with the stone supports “Natur” and it consists of
the same components, but these are made of acacia wood. This type of shaduf rests on two
wooden supports, each consisting of three branches whose lower ends are firmly planted in
the ground. Their upper ends are tied together with palm fiber rope. The supports of the Natur
in this type of Shaduf are sometimes called
فاجو
Waggaf from the verb
فقو
to stand. The
double Shaduf is operated by two farmers.
The Third type
of shaduf observed by Henin is called Palm Rib Shaduf (
fig 7
) or
ديرجلا دوع
.
This type of shaduf consists of several palm rib stalks of equal length, stripped of their leaves
and tied together with palm fiber ropes. Their thicker lower ends are planted firmly in the
ground and surrounded by stones for reinforcement. When the shaduf is to be operated, the
Jabbad
is
attached
to
its
upper
end.
The
mechanism
of
this
type
of
shaduf
relies
on
the
elasticity of the palm ribs. When the farmer pulls the Jabbad downward, the palm ribs stalk
bends; when he draws it upward, it springs back while carrying the bucket of water.
The Shaduf of El-Siliyien: Documenting a Rare Survivor of Water-Lifting Practice in Fayoum
pg. 24
Figure 4
: Shaduf with stone supports
Figure 5
: Details of the Shaduf
(Henin, 2018, p. 73)
(Henin, 2018, p. 76)
Figure
6
:
Double
Shaduf
of
Acacia
wood
Figure
7
:
Stalk
of
Palm
ribs
Shaduf
(
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/263124
)
(Henin, 2018, p. 74)
Mahmoud Kamel
QALAMOS HERITAGE STUDIES 2/2 JUNE 2026
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3. The Shadufs in the Fayoum
After reviewing the history and types of the Shadufs in Egypt, another question arises: What
about the Fayoum? Was the Shaduf widely used in the Fayoum as a traditional water lifting
device? This question led me to turn to both ancient and modern sources in search of evidence
documenting the use of the Shaduf in the Fayoum.
One of the earliest archaeological pieces of evidence of the use of the shaduf in Fayoum is
traced
back
to
the
Graeco-Roman
period.
In
Philoteris,
or
Kom
Madinat
Watfa,
Archaeologists were able to unearth a limestone T-shaped foundation which was divided in
two halves by a groove. This limestone platform was the foundation of a shaduf (
fig 8
) to lift
water from one of the several wells dug around the water storage basins in the ancient town.
On the waterproof limestone foundation once stood two mudbrick pillars which suspended a
long
pole
on
a
crossbeam.
Archaeological
evidence
for
shadufs
in
the
ancient
world
is
extremely limited, as the device was primarily made of perishable materials. ((Malouta and
Wilson, 2013, p. 278) As a result such shaduf foundation installations would have left few
remains that could survive archaeologically. The shaduf installation identified in Philoteris
appears to be the earliest shaduf installation from Graeco-Roman Egypt to have been found
and documented in situ. (Kopp, 2019, p. 350). In fact, shadufs and Saqiyas were the main
means of lifting water in the water management system in Philoteris (Kopp, 2020, pp. 129-
130). Perhaps the use of the shaduf was widespread throughout the Fayoum alongside the
waterwheels and Archimedean screws during the Greaco-Roman period. (Hassan et al., 2008,
p. 120). Although Al Nabulsi, in his Fayoum description written in 642 AH, 1244 AD, made
no mention of the shaduf's use in the Fayoum, it must have continued to be used on a small
scale throughout the Islamic period. Al Nabulsi does, however, provide detailed figures of
water-related installations in the region such as the number of waterwheels, the oil presses and
the watermills (Nabulsi, 1898, pp. 6-7).
The absence of mention of the Shaduf from
Nabulsi’s
account
may
suggest
that
its
use
was limited and less widespread than the other
water lifting devices mentioned. Peter Kopp
notes that Shaduf irrigation was generally not
directed to irrigate large fields but was more
commonly used for horticulture such as small
garden
and
orchards.
(Kopp,
2020,
p.
129).
This
explanation
is
further
supported
by
Major
R.
H.
Brown
in
his
1892
book
The
Fayum and Lake Moeris, where he mentioned
that
the
Shaduf
was
used
in
the
Fayoum
alongside
the
animal-driven
waterwheels
“Saqiyas’ but only to a small extent and for
small
areas.
His
observation
suggests
that
although
the
shaduf
remained
part
of
the
Fayoum’s
traditional
water-lifting
practices,
its use was relatively limited, sometimes rare,
and was likely associated with irrigating small
plots of land. (Brown, 1892, p. 16).
Figure 8
: Shaduf foundation in Philoteris
(Kopp, 2019, p. 354.)
The Shaduf of El-Siliyien: Documenting a Rare Survivor of Water-Lifting Practice in Fayoum
pg. 26
4. The Shaduf of El-Siliyein
4.1 The Story of Discovery
The story of my discovery of the Siliyien Shaduf began in June 2025, during my ongoing field
research into Fayoum’s water heritage infrastructure. As part of my weekly fieldwork, which
I call the Fayoum Water Heritage Hunt, I have been searching for surviving components of
Fayoum’s
traditional
water
remains,
guided
by
historical
maps
showing
the
locations
of
waterwheels of both types - water-driven and animal-driven - as well as watermills, bridges,
and dams.
My fieldwork plan at the time was to investigate Sinaru village, located north of Fayoum city,
and its surrounding hamlets in search of surviving watermills and waterwheels. I first visited
Sinaru to investigate several watermill locations marked on the 1914 Survey of Egypt map.
Unfortunately, when I reached the indicated sites, I found no surviving remains. By the time
I
arrived at Ezbet Dekem
Hamlet, one of
Sinaru’s hamlets, I
asked several local farmers
whether they knew of any surviving waterwheels or watermills in the area. An old farmer
suggested that I visit El Siliyien village, where, he told me, a large number of animal-driven
waterwheels could still be found concentrated in an area known locally as Dawar El Fegel,
located roughly between the villages of El Siliyien and El Tawfiqiya.
Following the residents' directions, I made my way to the area known among farmers as Ard
Dawar
El
Fegel.
I
was
able
to
document
eleven
animal-driven
waterwheels
there.
Unfortunately, none retained
their
original
wooden wheels; since the 1970s, all had been
replaced
with
metal
wheels.
Nevertheless,
the
circular
mud-brick
bases
on
which
the
waterwheels had stood were still there, preserved. During the survey, however, I made an
unexpected discovery. Adjacent to Ard Dawar El Fegel was a small plot of land locally known
as Ard El-Shawadif, which literally translates to “the land of the shadufs.” When I asked the
farmers about the name, they explained that several shadufs had once stood on this small plot
but had since been removed. One shaduf, however, had survived in situ and could still be seen.
Guided by the children who help their parents in the work, I was led across the fields until,
finally, I saw the surviving Shaduf. That moment marked the beginning of the real story:
documenting a rare and previously little-known survivor of Fayoum’s water heritage…the
Shaduf of El Siliyien.
4. 2 Description of the Shaduf
4.2.1 The location and the canals
The Shaduf is located in El-Siliyien village (29°23'04.7"N 30°48'09.5"E.), one of the villages
of Sinnuris Administrative Center, on land known locally as
فيداوشلا ضرا
Ard of El Shawadif
or “The Land of Shadufs,” adjacent to the Land of Dawar El Fagel. Since June 2025, I have
visited the area two times, July 2025 and March 2026. According to the local testimonials, the
land of Shawadif is identified as No. 3 on the cadastral map (
fig11
). It is known by this name
because
the
land
was
historically
irrigated
using
Shadufs,
with
approximately
five
or
six
shadufs functioning there. Since the early twentieth century, the farmers gradually replaced
these shadufs with traditional wooden waterwheels powered by animals Saqiyas and these
wooden
waterwheels
continued
to
operate
until
1978;
then
they
were
replaced
by
metal
waterwheels powered by animals too (
fig 9
). I spotted about 5 metal waterwheels functioning.
Mahmoud Kamel
QALAMOS HERITAGE STUDIES 2/2 JUNE 2026
27
The farmers informed me that there are approximately 11 metal waterwheels in the lands of
Dawar el Fegel and El Shawadif.
Most of the old shadufs in the area were either broken or collapsed in place, and their owners
used its wooden components as firewood. Fortunately, the family of Gouda – the owners of
El Siliyien Shaduf - preserved the last remaining Shaduf in the area in its original location.
They continued to use the Shaduf until recently, approximately 20 to 15 years ago, when they
purchased a diesel water pump.
The shaduf itself is surrounded by four main canals (
fig 10
). The farmers call these canals as
follows: Bahr el Alou, Bahr Darbia, Bahr Amsisa and Bahr Emra. I verified the names of these
canals on the cadastral map of El-Siliyien village (
fig 9
), which was surveyed in 1901- 1902,
and found that the names of the canals are still pronounced exactly as they were then. The
Shaduf itself lies in between Dariba and Amsisa canals, and it gets its water from a secondary
canal branching from Bahr El Alou; the local farmers refer to this secondary canal as Khalig
Abu Ras
سار وبا جيلخ
. All the above-mentioned canals branch off from Bahr Naqalifa
هفيلاقن رحب
,
which itself branches from Bahr El Zawiya, one of the main branches of Bahr Youssef, which
starts from Fayoum city distributary.
Figure 9
: Photo of one of the Metal waterwheels in Dawar El Fegel and Shawadif Lands in El-
Siliyien Village, by the author (June 2025).
The Shaduf of El-Siliyien: Documenting a Rare Survivor of Water-Lifting Practice in Fayoum
pg. 28
Figure 10
: The Location of the Shaduf and the canals surrounding it. Google Maps, February 2026.
Figure 11
: Detail of el Siliyien Village Cadastral map, surveyed in 1901-1902, showing the names
of the canals. Part of plate no. 13, Library of Congress.
(
https://www.loc.gov/resource/gmdsetmaps.2009580338002/?sp=75&st=image&r=0.016,0.666,0.61
4,0.294,0
)
4.2.2 Components, Dimensions and type
The El-Siliyien shaduf belongs to the second type of the wooden shadufs described by Nessim
Henry Henin. However, unlike the double shaduf described by Henin, the Siliyien shaduf is a
single one. Its components generally correspond to those of the second type described earlier
in the article, although it differs from the shaduf of Mar Girgis village in the types of wood
used for its making. The Siliyein Shaduf (
fig. 12
) consists of wooden supports made of olive
wood, rather than acacia wood. The farmer in Fayoum refers to this part of the shaduf as
Mahmoud Kamel
QALAMOS HERITAGE STUDIES 2/2 JUNE 2026
29
Qawayim
مياوق
(
figs. 13, 14
) (singular Qa’yim) or support, rather than Waggaf or Natur
فاجو
روطان
/
, the names used by the inhabitants of Mar Girgis village in Upper Egypt.
Figure 12:
The Shaduf of El-Siliyien, by the author (June 2025).
Figures 13,14:
Left and right supports of the Shaduf of El-Siliyien, by the author (March 2026).
Each of the wooden supports (
Qawayim
) consists of a forked olive wood branch. The right
support is 1.23 m, while the left support is 96 cm; both carry the crossbeam. The support here
differs from Nag Mar Girgis shaduf, where each of its supports consists of three branches of
acacia wood. The Crossbeam in El-Siliyien shaduf is 96 cm (
fig. 15
), is locally called by the
farmers as “Arada
ةضارع
same as the inhabitants of Mar Girgis village. It is made of Olive
wood too. However, the pole carrying the counterweight is made of casuarina wood (
fig. 16
).
It is 1.78 m. measured from the top counterweight stone. As for the other wooden components
in the wooden pole carrying the counterweight, e.g. (
Shaddadi
ropes,
Arrak
50 cm, and
Raghla
The Shaduf of El-Siliyien: Documenting a Rare Survivor of Water-Lifting Practice in Fayoum
pg. 30
25 cm.) (
figs. 5, 17
), I have not yet been able to know the Fayoumi terms for these parts.
Luckily, these components are still preserved in El- Siliyien Shaduf. The farmers call these
components wooden parts. On the top of the counterweight pole, there is a metal nail, perhaps
to tie the Jabbad or the lever pole to the counterweight pole. (
fig. 18
). In El-Siliyien shaduf,
the
shaddadi
ropes (
fig. 19
) were made of palm fibers, with some plastic ropes added to
them
recently to enhance the decaying old ones, indicating recent use. The stone counterweight (
fig.
20
) is called in Fayoum El Hagar, the stone
,رجحلا
unlike the Upper Egypt terms
Lawwaya
or
Tayyana
. It is made of limestone, and its upper part is formed of cement and gravel. These
were added to the stone recently to add more weight to it. El Siliyien Shaduf lacks the Jabbad,
the wooden part that carries the bucket.
Figure 15:
Crossbeam or Arada of El-Siliyien shaduf, by the author (March 2026).
Mahmoud Kamel
QALAMOS HERITAGE STUDIES 2/2 JUNE 2026
31
Figure 17:
The wooden parts of the shaduf
and the ropes, by the author in March 2026.
Figure 16:
The Stone pole or the counterweight pole, by the author (March 2026).
El Siliyien Shaduf was operated by a worker who stood on a platform (
fig 21
) beside the
Shaduf. This platform in El- Siliyien Shaduf is called
Qa’eda
or
ةدعق
, unlike Mar Girgis village
inhabitants who used to call it
Dawwasa
ةساود
. The worker would start
فدوشي
(
Yishawdaf
) an
Arabic verb for operating the Shaduf. The farmer or the worker would raise the Jabbad until
the bucket was filled with water, and once filled, the weight of the bucket balanced against
the stone; this allowed the stone to raise the Jabbad. The worker then empties the water into a
small irrigation channel locally known as the
Fahl
,
لحفلا
(
figs. 22, 23
). The same term is used
by the inhabitants of Mar Girgis village describing the irrigation corridor leading the water to
the fields (Henin, 2018, p. 77). El Siliyien shaduf irrigated approximately 17 carats of land (A
carat
is
175.033
square
meters).
The
land
is
currently
cultivated
with
mango
trees,
but
historically it was planted with olive trees. These trees did not require continuous or large
quantities of water; thus, the Shaduf was sufficient to provide the irrigation needs to the land.
The Shaduf of El-Siliyien: Documenting a Rare Survivor of Water-Lifting Practice in Fayoum
pg. 32
Figure 18:
detail of the top of the counterweight
pole with the metal nail,
by the author (March 2026).
Figure 19:
Shadadi ropes made of palm fibers
and plastic,
by the author March 2026.
Figure 20:
The stone counterweight. Its base is
limestone, while the top part is covered with cement &
gravel by the author (March 2026).
Figure 21:
the platform where the worker stood
to operate the shaduf,
by the author (March 2026).
Mahmoud Kamel
QALAMOS HERITAGE STUDIES 2/2 JUNE 2026
33
Figures 22 -23:
The Shaduf and the
fahl
, or the irrigation corridor leading the water to the fields, by
the author (March 2026).
5. Conclusion
The Siliyien shaduf represents a rare and undocumented example of water-lifting devices in
the Fayoum Governorate. Its structural design shares some similarities with the second type
documented by Nessim Henry Henin in the village of Mar Girgis, Akhmim, Sohag, but they
are not entirely alike. The Siliyien shaduf is single, while the second type in Nag Mar Girgis is
double. This leads me to the question: were there standardized designs for each type of shaduf
in Egypt? The answer is no. The Siliyien shaduf exhibits some local variations, being a single
shaduf and using different types of wood. These variations largely reflect the agricultural and
irrigation conditions of each region and sometimes influence the shaduf's design. Moreover,
this provides important evidence of how local farming communities are able to adapt water-
lifting technologies depending to their specific needs. As for the shaduf's date, according to
the local testimonials, it is likely that it was installed in the late 19th or early 20th century and
remained
in
use.
During
this
period,
parts
that
deteriorated
with
use,
such
as
ropes,
were
replaced and even enhanced with added plastic ropes, and the stone was reinforced with cement
and gravel. In fact documenting El-Siliyien Shaduf, which is the last Shaduf in the Land of
Shawadif and might be the only surviving Shaduf in Fayoum Governorate, represents a step
towards a broader understanding of the history of water management and traditional irrigation
methods in the Fayoum.
The Shaduf of El-Siliyien: Documenting a Rare Survivor of Water-Lifting Practice in Fayoum
pg. 34
6. Ref
e
rences
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Bonneau, D. (1993). Le régime administratif de l'eau du Nil dans l'Égypte grecque,
romaine et byzantine Brill.
2.
Brown, R. H. (1892). The Fayûm and Lake Mœris. E. Stanford.
3.
Davies,
N.
de
G.
(1903).
The
rock
tombs
of
El
Amarna,
vol
3,
pl.
xxxii.
Egypt
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Hassan,
F.
&
Hemdan,
M.
(2008).
The
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Oasis-
Climate
Change
and
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